Smilodon or Saber-Toothed Cat Trivia

Intellectual Property The Creation of a Mind - 1157 Words

Intellectual property (IP) is defined as the exclusive right which is recognized legally as creation of a mind (Greenhalgh Rogers, 2010). Under the law that guides issues of intellectual property, owners are granted specific exclusive rights to various types of tangible assets such as literary, musical, discovery, and artistic works as well as phrases, inventions, words, designs, and symbols (Greenhalgh Rogers, 2010). The various types of intellectual property rights which are granted to individuals include trademarks, industrial design, patents, copyright, trade dress, and trade secrets (Greenhalgh Rogers, 2010). Trademark is an intellectual property that grants an individual the exclusive rights to a certain product (Greenhalgh Rogers, 2010). It is a recognizable expression, design, or sign which distinguishes services or products of a particular company from similar services or products of other traders (Greenhalgh Rogers, 2010). Industrial designs are intellectual property rights that protect the object design which is not purely utilitarian (Greenhalgh Rogers, 2010). It consists of creation of composition, configuration, or shape of color or pattern, or combination of color and pattern containing aesthetic value in a three-dimensional form (Greenhalgh Rogers, 2010). A patent is a form of intellectual property that grants an inventor exclusive rights to exclude others from selling, using, making, importing or selling an invention for a givenShow MoreRelatedIntellectual Property Law Are Legal Rights For The Creation Of Mind2484 Words   |  10 PagesMid-term Answers Ans 1. Intellectual property law are legal rights for the creation of mind. It provide rights to the person against illegal use of his copyrighted material by third party. Owner of artistic material like music, painting, apps or design of materials to claim his right over the property and sue the claiming party legally. Examples of Intellectual property right are as follows: 1) Copying music using cd writers: It has been observed that people copy music Cd’s and Dvd’s to watch itRead MoreIntellectual Property Rights : An Analytical Study Essay998 Words   |  4 PagesINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS – AN ANALYTICAL STUDY IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT Abstract Intellectual property rights are the rights given to persons over the creations of their minds. These rights make the creator/ inventor as the owner of the product/work. IP protection is intended to stimulate the creativity of the human mind for the benefit of all by ensuring that the advantages derived from exploiting a creation benefit the creator. This will encourage creative activity and allow investors in researchRead MoreIntellectual Property Rights And Digital Pirating1364 Words   |  6 PagesINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND DIGITAL PIRATING Luke Telfer STATEMENT OF THE ISSUE The idea of intellectual property can be traced back to ancient Greece with the first known reference involving the protection of culinary recipes developed by chefs. According to the World Intellectual Property Organization, â€Å"intellectual property refers to creations of the mind: inventions; literary and artistic works; and symbols, names and images used in commerce.† The violation of intellectual property rightsRead MoreTechnology Is What Defines The World Today And Tomorrow1585 Words   |  7 Pagesconsideration here is in the intellectual part of the technology. Computers are used to carry out work, assignments, and many other things. Games are played online by the young generation. In this era of technology, where various regions of the world can access internet, intellectual property faces an immense problem. Rules of intellectual property are justified in this era of technology. Intellectual Property (IP) refers to the protection of creations of the mind, which have both a moral andRead MoreTechnology Is What Defines The World Today And Tomorrow1585 Words   |  7 Pagesthe consideration here is in the intellectual part of the technology. Computers are used to carry out work, assignments, and many other things. Games are played online by the young generation. In this era of technology, where various regions of the world can access internet, intellectual property faces an immense problem. Rules of intellectual property are justified in this era of technology. Intellectual Property (IP) refers to the protection of creations of the mind, which have both a moral and aRead MoreEthics And Intellectual Property Of Intellectual Properties1217 Words   |  5 PagesEthics and Intellectual Property When discussing a creation or idea, the creator of such concept must be rewarded. This must be the case for any situation. For most cases this is true, but because the ownership of such properties bring financial benefits, and or settlements, regulations will continue to challenge what is right or wrong when dealing with intellectual property. This is accurate for many industries, field, and markets. The owner ship of intellectual properties can take a creation or ideaRead MoreThe Economic Relations Between The Common People And Revenue Gaining People1596 Words   |  7 Pages one side is burdened with numerous problems and suffer economic inflictions continuously, while the other sides prospers and benefits, becoming even more powerful. Much like there being two sides to legal cases, the matter of patents and intellectual property is an issue that also garners the views of scholars and others. It is rarely that one would find both sides of an issue benefiting from the arrangement , verdict and outcome. In some cases, no party benefits because they both cause potentialRead MoreCopyright Law Protects Functional Products, Processes, And Designs1315 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction â€Å"Intellectual Property†(IP) provides an intangible property rights protecting a product or creations, and regulates the uses of different sorts of ideas and insignia such as industrial design, literature, and artistic works inclusive of symbols, names and images. It is enforced by means of patented inventions, copyrights and trademarks where each protects distinct subject matter and promotes a unique social goal. Patent law protects functional products, processes andRead MoreThe World Intellectual Property Organization Essay886 Words   |  4 PagesIntellectual property is an asset to an individual or a business. Even though intellectual property is intangible, it is very important to protect it. Protection of intellectual property can be one of the most important business decisions one can make. The World Intellectual Property Organization (n.d.) states intellectual property refers to creations of the mind. This can include inventions but also includes literary and artistic works, as well as symbols, names and images used in commerce. Read MoreIntellectual Property, Trademark, And Trade Secrets1237 Words   |  5 PagesIntellectual Property refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; library and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce. It is any product of the human intellect that the law protects from unauthorized use by others. It is comprised of four categories: patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secrets. Patent gives the inventor the right to exclude others from making, using, importing, and selling the patented innovation for a certain amount of time. A patent

Lucent Technologies Case Free Essays

The financial statement for Lucent Technologies is for September 30, 2003 and 2004. After reviewing the balance sheet I could determine Lucent Technologies Total Assets had increased by 1,052 million. This shows Total assets are in an upward trend and the company has steadily built assets the last year and not decreased them. We will write a custom essay sample on Lucent Technologies Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now The company’s goal is to raise profits and one way of raising profits is to increase their assets. Total Liabilities have decreased by 940 million. Total current liabilities have decreased over the year while long term liabilities have increased. In 2003, Lucent Technologies debt to asset ratio was . 83 and in 2004 the debt to asset ratio was . 92 which means . 92 of Lucent Technologies assets were paid for by borrowing money. What this shows is Lucent Technologies may pay a higher interest on money borrowed because their debt to asset ratio is so high. By reducing their debt load and controlling purchases the company can reduce their total debt to asset ratio. Companies acquiring too much debt may have trouble paying creditors which could force them into bankruptcy. Total shareowners’ deficit has decreased over the year. While the company is currently looking at a deficit, they are heading in an upward trend where shareholders could start receiving dividend payouts. Investors reviewing Lucent Technologies current balance sheet may have a hard time investing in the company as much of the assets owned by the company were purchased on credit. Creditors may loan Lucent Technologies money for future investments, but it would be at a higher interest rate as the current debt to asset ratio is high. Another problem creditors and investors may have with the current balance sheet is that Lucent Technologies is only providing them with information from one year. Even though the balance sheet reflects improvements in company profits over the past year it doesn’t provide creditors and investors with enough information to make an informed decision. Creditors and investors would need financial statements for multiple years before investing in the company. By viewing the statement of cash flows, investors are able to determine how much cash comes in and goes out of the company during the year. It shows investors how the company is able to pay for its operations and future growth. Lucent Technologies provided a balance sheet for September 30, 2003 and 2004. There is limited value in the data provided by Lucent Technologies, for investors and creditors to make informative decisions before investing in or leading money to this company. Other financial statements investors and creditors need to view are the income statement and the statement of cash flows. The income statement provides the revenue earned minus expenses incurred over a specific period of time. Investors need to view the statement of cash flow to determine the increases and decreases in cash made by Lucent Technologies. How to cite Lucent Technologies Case, Papers

in Colonies Essay Example For Students

in Colonies Essay The New England and Southern Colonies were both settled largely by the English. By 1700, the regions had evolved into two distinct societies. The southern colonies have characteristics that are the antithesis of the New England colonies attributes. New England was colonized for Freedom of Worship and freedom of political thought. The Southern colonies were developed for freedom of economic opportunity. The New England colonies had aspirations for a distinct society, where they could show their homeland, how a country should be run. The southern colonies had goals for mercantilism, and increasing the prosperity of England. The New England colonies were based on theocracy, where the state forced the people to live and worship in an orthodox way. The southern colonies(Virginia) had a government based on a royal government, where the state was governed by a governor and council named by the king, and an elected assembly chosen by the people. Finally, the New England colonies wanted to establish the colony for religious motives, while the southern colonies were established for economic motives. England and the rebels of England (Pilgrims), made up the New England and southern colonies. God Almighty in his most holy and wise providence hath so disposed of the condition of mankind, in all times some must be rich, some poor, some high and eminent in power and dignity, other mean and in subjection. Yet we must be knit together in this work as one man.(John Winthrop, A Model of Christian Charity) This statement by John Winthrop, demonstrates importance of religion in the lives of the New England settlers. We must delight in each other, make others’ conditions our own, rejoice together, mourn together, labor and suffer together, always having before our eyes our commission and community in the work, our community as members of the same body. (John Winthrop, A Model of Christian Charity). The use of the word together and community indicates that the New England settlers were of a communal nature, they were less individualistic than the southern colonies. The New England col onies were based on religious freedom, thus their society was reflected the religion. These underwritten names are to be transported to Virginia, embarked in the Merchant’s Hope, Hugh Weston, Master, per examination by the minister of Gravesend touching upon their conformity to the Church discipline of England, and have taken oaths of allegiance and supremacy: (Ship’s List of Emigrants Bound for Virginia). The use of the word Master, shows, that the southern colonies were more of a individualistic state rather than a communal state(New England). This individualism was the effect of the motivation of the southern colonies for economic opportunity. We whose names are underwritten, being by God’s providnce engaged together to make a plantation. (Articles of Agreement). The New England settlers, again were of a communal nature, in how they are binding together for the good of the community. We intend by God’s grace, as soon as we can with all convenient speed, to procure some Godly and faithful minster with whom we purpose to join in church covenant to walk in the ways of Christ.(Articles of Agreement). The statement above, shows how the minister, was the head of the theocracy, of the small communities. Furthermore, the Articles of Agreement, demonstates the importance of sharing within the community. This article, was another product of the motivation of the New England settlers for religious freedom. This court in the interim recommends that all tradesmen and laborers consider the religious end of their callings. The puritans believed everyone had a specific duty in life, something that one was proficient at. Almost all the mores and society itself radiated from religion, as a result, many people who couldn’t endure the rigidity of such a society were exiled and the dissenters created new societies. .ueeaeb31195b0e1e049126d8690adc2fe , .ueeaeb31195b0e1e049126d8690adc2fe .postImageUrl , .ueeaeb31195b0e1e049126d8690adc2fe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueeaeb31195b0e1e049126d8690adc2fe , .ueeaeb31195b0e1e049126d8690adc2fe:hover , .ueeaeb31195b0e1e049126d8690adc2fe:visited , .ueeaeb31195b0e1e049126d8690adc2fe:active { border:0!important; } .ueeaeb31195b0e1e049126d8690adc2fe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueeaeb31195b0e1e049126d8690adc2fe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueeaeb31195b0e1e049126d8690adc2fe:active , .ueeaeb31195b0e1e049126d8690adc2fe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueeaeb31195b0e1e049126d8690adc2fe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueeaeb31195b0e1e049126d8690adc2fe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueeaeb31195b0e1e049126d8690adc2fe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueeaeb31195b0e1e049126d8690adc2fe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueeaeb31195b0e1e049126d8690adc2fe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueeaeb31195b0e1e049126d8690adc2fe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueeaeb31195b0e1e049126d8690adc2fe .ueeaeb31195b0e1e049126d8690adc2fe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueeaeb31195b0e1e049126d8690adc2fe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Life Persuasive EssayThe worst among us were the gold seekers whowith their golden promises made all men their slaves in hope of recompenses. There was no talk but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold.. (Captain John Smith, History of Virginia). The southern colonists were a people who settled in the southern colonies for economic motives. The people were more materialistic, and individualistic, thus greed prevailed. Conversely, the New England

Globe Theatre Essays (909 words) - William Shakespeare,

Globe Theatre The Globe Theater is said to be the most important structure in Shakespeare's dramatic career. The Chamberlain Company built the Theater in 1699. The Theater was located on the Southern shore of the Thames River in London. Shakespeare, being a member of the Chamberlain Company, became a shareholder in the Theater. Along with Shakespeare, James Burbage, his two sons, and five members of the troupe owned the Globe (Zenger). This group of men was called Lord Chamberlains Men after a patron of the acting company. In May of 1603, King James I came to see their plays and the troupe then changed their name to The King's Men (Unknown). These people and groups became a living part of the Globe Theater. The Globe was the most important structure to Shakespeare's drama because most of his plays were to be performed on the stage of the Globe. Those plays written by Shakespeare include: Hamlet, Macbeth, Twelfth Night, King Lear, Othello, Julius Caesar (Unknown). These plays that had a huge effect on our literature, had an even larger effect on the people of London. Plays were important to the residents of London because they were an efficient way of getting a message to many people and entertain them at the same time (Unknown1). The playhouses commonly drew thousands, who saw a supposedly fictitious play often with a political undertone. The Globe Theater became the most popular theater amongst the people. In 1611 Shakespeare sold his shares to the troupe because he was ready to retire. Then on June 29, 1613, during a performance of Henry VIII, a wad of flaming debris was fired from a stage cannon and landed on the thatched roof of the third floor (Zenger). The Theater only took two hours to burn completely down, except for the foundation. In a matter of a few years, this theater rose and then fell in one catastrophic event. This tragic event was expected to lead to the demise of The Kings Men, but this consequently worked in the favor of them. After this unfortunate loss to The Kings Men, they were left to pick themselves up and continue. Fortunately for them, in August of 1608 they built an indoor theater called Blackfriars, which they quickly transferred to and began making profits better than ever (Unknown1). This was because of having high priced seats in their smaller theater. This was a quick replacement for the Globe but the people missed the famous theater. This discontent led a new project that was to be undertaken. The main reason for rebuilding the Globe was out of tradition. Construction began on the original foundation. It was rumored that King James and other noble men helped the troupe with the cost of rebuilding (Zenger). The replacement was completed in 1614 using the same basic design as the previous version. Short after the reconstruction of the Globe, Shakespeare passed away. The second Globe was built with more room for costumes and props. It also had more structural integrity so the pillars in the stage were removed. The Globe held performances for many more years until 1642. In this year the Puritans closed down all theaters and other place that would supply entertainment to the people (Unknown). In 1644, the theater was completely torn down in order to make tenements upon the premises. With time, the Globe and its design became only descriptions, in accurate drawings, and pictures. The most accurate illustrations were made in 1647 as viewed from Southwark Cathedral and they were called "Long View London."(Unknown1) Almost three centuries later, in 1945, a plan was made called the Abercrombie Plan that included development of South Bank and reconstruction of the Globe with a Library. Then in 1949, an interested Sam Wanamaker came to look for some remains of the Globe and he found nothing but a mere plaque on the wall of brewery (Unknown1). This was assumed to be the general location of the Globe. Wanamaker invited architects to a meeting and they discussed the Globe in 1969. An architect named Theo Crosby attended and later became the head architect. The following year Mr. Wanamaker established "The Shakespearian Globe Playhouse Trust" and leased an .8-acre lot across from the brewery on Bankside (Zenger). In 1986 they finally won a 125-year lease and the next year the ground breaking occurred. With all the new information such as the illustrations and discovered foundations the figure of the Globe came out of the gray and into focus. The New Globe was then being constructed but it

Boys and Girls essays

Boys and Girls essays Boys and Girls is a short story written by the Canadian short story writer, Alice Munro in 1968. The story is about a young girl who struggles against societys ideas of how a girl should be, only to find her trapped in the ways of the world. The story takes place on a farm. The narrator is a woman who is telling in the first point of view of when she was a young girl. Her father was a fox farmer, he was hardworking and she had a great deal of respect for him. She enjoyed working with him. The narrator had problems coming to terms with the role in life that she was expected to lead. By using the first person point of view combined with characterization, the author is able to depict the hardships and successes of passage into adulthood through her portrayal of a young narrator. She was also able to examine the different roles that society has defined for boys and girls. Alice Munro's short story, "Boys and Girls, has a very interesting detail written into it. The narrator's brother is named Laird, which was carefully chosen by the author. Laird is a synonym for lord, which plays an important role in a story where a young girl has society's unwritten rules forced upon her. At the time of the story, society did not consider men and women equal. The name that the author chose for the narrators brother symbolized how the male child was superior in the parents eyes and in general. The name also symbolizes the difference between the sexes when this story took place. The time when this story took place was a time when men and women were not considered equivalent. Mothers had traditional roles, which means that theyre jobs were strictly around the house, while men also had their roles, outside of the house. The male was the dominant figure in the house, while the woman had to be subservient: It was an off thing to see my mother down at the barn. She did not often come out of the house unless it wa...

Economic Relationship Between U.S and China in Regard to Market of Research Paper

Economic Relationship Between U.S and China in Regard to Market of Labor - Research Paper Example This research paper focuses on the fact that Chinese labor market has influenced both the economy of China as well and America. This research paper highlights the importance of the labor market that increases the sustainability of the particular nation or the country. The concept of sweatshop is considered in the paper. It argues that the value and the demand of the labor in a particular economy increases with the increase in demand of the goods that are produced by the labors The capital and labor both plays an important and crucial role in the economy. The economic interest of the particular nation is based on the concept of tripartite agreement in which the nation or the state is influenced by the capital and labor. Capitalism is also related with corporatism. The corporatism is considered as the base between the labor and capital. In the economy with favorable and strong corporate arrangement experiences lower rate of unemployment America is dependent on China for importing goods related to manufacturing cost in order to reduce its labor wages. It is argued, that Chinese economy will increase the welfare effect of America in the long run since the decrease in the demand of the American workers in the manufacturing industry will compel them to switch towards other non manufacturing sectors and therefore the welfare gain will enhance in the long run due to labor reallocation Labor mobility across the regions plays an important role in influencing the government policies and employment benefit of the nations.

The Effect of Death on Nursing Profession Assignment

The Effect of Death on Nursing Profession - Assignment Example This paper tells that it is one thing to see other people die, and it hurts, but it isn’t somebody you are really close to. When my father died it set off all sorts of emotions, and they pretty much controlled me for a while. But once I began to understand that my father was better off and in a better place, I began to see my life turn around. I have a new instilled hope in everything I did, and I knew I wanted to go back to work. Cope? I guess you could use cope. For a time that was really all, I was doing. Coping however is not the most healthy thing in the world. Eventually, you overcome that and grieve. And grieving, that came out mostly through music. Of course, there were a lot of late nights in there as well. *Laughs*  It just felt right. When I was making the album the entirety of everything I have seen and done all came together. My father's death has a huge impact, and in some way each death I had seen as well. It just felt like the right thing to do.  That's a t ough one. I could never see myself leaving nursing, but at the same time, If I could share my message and music to people all over and they enjoyed it, it would be hard to turn that down as well. I guess we will just have to see what happens and go from there. Maybe I could be a nurse musician. The most important thing to know when dealing with death is that it doesn’t have to be this crazy end of your lifetime. A lot of people downward spiral, and I did as well. It doesn’t have to be that. There is this surreal quality to death that most people miss. Is it sad? Yes. Do I wish it didn’t happen? Of course. But you have to accept it and enjoy life and not let death ruin what life you have left.

Johnson & Johnson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Johnson & Johnson - Essay Example The company’s target market is the health care sector. J&J aims to provide medical facilities, nursing homes and mothers with the supplies they need to operate. With its diagnostics and treatment products, J&J’s products have become household names in the health care sector, beauty parlours and homes. According to Delo and Neff (2013, p.8), J&J capitalizes on its 92 consumer product brands to maintain an enormous presence in the current competitive market.  To achieve this, J&J spends a significant part of their revenues to market its numerous brands in various media including electronic media, print media, outdoor ads, blogs and social media- products that include; baby items, medical products and devices, skin care products, hair beauty products, and health products for women, and dietary products (Cameron 2007, p.65). As Chwallek (2013, p.16) has indicated, J&J relies on its strong brands as the key cog in its marketing initiatives. Owing to the success of the company in marketing its brand, today J&J customers and prospects would rather pick on its products than settle for other products provided by its market rivals. As a result, the company’s consumers normally prefer to pay more for the brands, a development that has earned J&J more profit edge over its market rivals that sell fairly cheaper products. J&J’s leading role among the world’s top companies whose presence trace to the late 19th century is one of its major strengths (Chwallek 2013, p.16). The company boasts of high level of customer satisfaction and effective research and development programs that have resulted in its continued existence, 128 years since its inception. The long period of existence has enabled the company to build on its corporate image, customer base, and product image to its advantage. With its strong presence across the world made possible

Preventing Delinquency and Recidivism

Preventing Delinquency and Recidivism Demetrius Deaver In chapter twelve the book talks about preventing juvenile crime. Society has to remember that youths are going through an adolescence stage. So kids cognitive skills are not fully development and they might act without thinking. Its important that society try to help reduce juvenile crime and try to have interventions so there wont be a high recidivism rate. Recidivism is a repeated offender or going back to jail. Theres a lot factors for high recidivism rate. Studies has shown that the higher the at-risk environment, the more likely someone will recidivate (Measuring Recidivism 2008). Prevention is the creation of conditions, opportunities and experiences that encourage and develop healthy, self-sufficient children and that occur before the onset of problems (Arizona State Senate 2002). Prevention, efforts that help prevent a youth from entering the juvenile justice system as a delinquent (Florida Department of Juvenile Justice 2008). There is two ways to classify prevention efforts. The two ways are prevention versus control and the three levels of delinquency prevention. Prevention is before the delinquent act and control is the measure thats taken after delinquent behavior. Theres three kinds of prevention, corrective prevention, punitive prevention and Mechanical prevention. Corrective prevention goal is to eliminate the conditions that causes criminal behavior. Punitive prevention goal is to use punishment. Mechanical prevention goal is to tighten security. The three levels of delinquency are primary prevention, secondary prevention and Tertiary prevention. Primary prevention goal is to change society and the conditions that leads to criminal activity. Secondary prevention goal is to have interventions with individuals to deter them from crime. Tertiary prevention goal is to prevent recidivism. Researchers has found out that anticrime programs dont work. Criminologist Lawrence W. Sherman and others review more than 500 scientific evaluations of crime-prevention programs funded by the Justice Department, with a special focus on factors relating to juvenile crime and program effects on youth violence, and concluded that the following programs dont work (Sherman et al. 1998, 7). Programs such as gun buyback programs, boot camps, scared straight, Dare programs, Drug prevention and many more. Even though some of these programs dont work, it strengthens kids relationships with family and school. The Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence (CSPV) is blueprints to find effective violence prevention programs to help communities implicate them. Out of 900 programs about 11 programs has shown results of reducing juvenile behavior, aggression, substance abuse and other behaviors. The Midwest Prevention Project (MPP) is a community based program for adolescent drug abuse prevention that targets ages 10 to 12. The goal is to reduce the use of gateway drugs. Big Brothers Big Sister of America (BBBS) is a mentor program. Functional Family Therapy (FFT) is a family intervention program for youths ages 11 to 18. The goal is to reduce bad behavior. Life Skills Training (LST) is an in class program prevention of tobacco, alcohol and drug abuse. The goal of the program is to prevent early uses of substances.ÂÂ   Multisystemic Therapy (MST) evaluate kids who has antisocial disorders. The reduced of gun violence has put stricter restrictions on guns and also put officers in area s where gun crime happens. Gang prevention will have a major impact on reducing crime. Anti-gang programs like behavior codes, graffiti removal, conflict prevention strategies, crisis management and community involvement. The book discusses many more prevention programs that help reduce crime. References Arizona State Senate. 2002. Arizona Statute 8-201. Florida Department of Juvenile Justice. 2008. Florida Statute CH 985.03. Measuring Recidivism. 2008 (February 20). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice. Sherman, Lawrence W., Denise C. Gottfredson, Doris L. Mackenzie, John Eck, Peter Reuter, and Shawn D. Bushway. 1998 (July). Preventing crime: What Works, What Doesnt, Whats Promising. Washington, DC: U.S Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice Research in Brief. (NCJ 171676).

Antz :: essays research papers

In the movie â€Å"Antz† the ants posses very many qualities which are similar, and some the same as humans. The first quality that is similar to humans, is that the ants all try to work themselves to the top of the ant colony, this is one quality that the character Z has more then the others. Another quality that the ants have to live by which is they live, and follow instructions by one controller. The ants also posses many similar human characteristics. They also show similar emotions that us humans show. The ants in the movie also posses the same actions, and there is great similarity to their interaction with each other, as us humans have. These qualities are all clearly shown throughout the whole movie, and are very much similar, and some are exactly the same as human qualities. As we all know, a humans dream in general, it to get to the top of their society somehow. Humans usually seem to think that what they do is worthless, and that they have no choice but to do something that they don’t want to. Humans will always try to work as hard as possible until they are the best at what they do. This quality is similar to that of Z’s. Z is the average working ant. He is depressed about how his life is going and he feels like he is not going anywhere. He tries his hardest to not be the average working ant by switching places with his soldier ant friend. He does this because he meets the princess Bala in a bar one night, and he falls for her very quickly. He then realizes that the soldiers have to go for the royal inspection where the princess will also be. Z realizes that if he switches places with his soldier friend, then he will be able to see the princess Bala again. This is a form of working himself to the top because, in my opinion, he fell for the princess as badly as he did because she was â€Å"the princess of the colony† and if they ever were a couple then Z would eventually become the princesses mate. I think that this is some what similar to humans ways of trying to work themselves to the top. In general, humans try to find a mate who is a successful, and high to the top. If a person unsucceeds in finding a successful mate, he or she will find another person to fall in love with. If that person turns out to be a highly successful

Community Health Advocacy Project Essay

The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS [2009]), says that for every dollar used in health care, less than $0.03 is spent in health prevention activities. Community and public health nurses are in position to actively participate in health promotion. This article will describe the terms community and aggregate, and the differences between these concepts. The author will identify an aggregate and describe it as a health issue. The second part will illustrate the three stages of a conceptual framework and the application as an advocate for the aggregate. Community A community is determined by the same rules, guidelines, and governmental laws. There are different types of communities: Geographic communities (same neighborhood, suburb, or city). Equally important is the community determine by culture, which includes the ethnics and religious groups, and disable, or fragile age people. The community includes several organizations and politic associations (Messing, 2009). Aggregate Is a group of individuals, families, and groups who are associated because of similar social, personal, health care, or other needs? Elders with depression within a society are an imperative aggregate in the community. The aggregate make up a community (Miller & Keane, 2009). Differences between Aggregate and Community When several aggregate are joined, it forms a whole. The aggregates are types  of communities, and the communities are types of aggregates. Both aggregates and communities are considered as a whole, but the aggregate is on a larger scale than a community. Moreover, the aggregates can be up of communities (Miller & Keane, 2009). Identification and Description of Aggregate Depression is a crucial public health problem and a frequent mental disorder found in elderly people. Elders are at an incredibly high risk of depression because more than 50% of older adults suffer two or more chronic health condition. By 2015, adults age 65 and older will increase up to about 20% of the population in America; and by 2050, the population more than 85 is expected to reach 19 million (U. S. Census Bureau’s, 2010). Depressed elders have the highest rates of suicide as compared to any other age group. The five percent of adult older suffer of depression and a high incidence of suicide is reported in this population (Naegle, 2011). In 2004, every 100,000 people age 65 and older, 14.3 died due to suicide. This is higher than the rate of about 11 per 100,000 in the general population. The statistics of depression are rapidly increasing in this population, and it is vital to identify the risk factors and implement actions to reduce these indicators (CDC, 2010). In Miami Dade County older Hispanic men who live alone reported to having the highest levels of depression. Other risk factors also are associated, such as physical disability, lack of family and social support, chronic diseases, or cancer (Russell & Taylor, 2009). In long-term care settings the percentage of residents with depression (9%) is less than the Florida (10%) and national average (15%). Identifying depression can be difficult in elderly people because the signs may be confused with the aging process, the medication’s side effect, and some medical conditions (Hospital Compare, 2010). Christoffel’s Three Stages of a Conceptual Framework This conceptual framework of Christoffel’s occurs in three stages (information, strategy, and action).The information stage includes the collection, description, and identification of data. The patterns of occurrence, risk, and defensive factors, effectiveness of the program in each level of prevention, and barriers to implement public health programs are just as important in this stage. The results of this stage are  materialized as data reports, journal articles, and other information’s tools (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2010). The strategy stage is aimed at the distribution and gathering of information to identify what must be changed. This involves the information to professionals and lay audiences, describing short term goals, building coalitions, and disseminates these aspects. The results of this stage include policy report, campaigns and public education, press conferences, strategy meetings, and other methods of information. The action stage explains the applicatio n of methods for example rising founds, the work with the organizations (local and government), and changes of individual and social patterns. The results of this stage include changes in attitudes, resource allocation; increase the social relations, policies, and procedures, which improve the positive results in public health (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2010). Christoffel’s Stages as Advocate in Older Adults with Depression The first stage (information stage) recognizes the problem: Older adults who are at a high risk of depression because they are associated with the incidences of chronic health conditions of the elderly population. The highest rates of suicide are reported in this age group. Every 100,000 people age 65 and older, 14.3 died by suicide in 2004. This is higher than the rate of about 11 per 100,000 in the general population (CDC, 2010). Miami Dade County has higher levels of depression reported in Hispanic men. Many risk factors are related to physical disability, lack of family and social support, and chronic diseases (Russell & Taylor, 2009). Furthermore, depression in older adults is frequently misdiagnosed and undertreated. One of the most imperative barriers to achieve competent effectiveness is the lack of nursing’s knowledge to assess depression in older adults. Moreover, frequent misdiagnosis due to fact that the signs and symptoms of depression are confused with the aging process, medication’s side effect, and some medical conditions (Hospital Compare, 2010). The second stage (strategy stage) contains the creation of short-term and a time frame goal is the first step to achieve the objectives of the project. This project includes numerous activities to implement new changes in this public health area. The dissemination of data throughout public forums (newspapers, magazines, websites, radio, and television) is vital in awakening the public’s attention on this issue. The creation of an association with the different stakeholders (patients, family, health care providers, insurance  companies, a nd other social institutions) is equally as important. Lastly, it is absolutely necessary to contact local governments, community services, and voluntary organizations to organize coalition to work in this issue. The third stage (action stage) is focused on the application of the strategies such as participations in local radio, television, and publishing articles in the local newspapers to disseminate the action plan. The implementation of an educational program focused on patients, families, and health care professionals is an important step in this stage. The educational program aimed at the health care professionals (nurses, social workers, and other professionals) should be supported by evidence-based results. The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) will be used in this project; it is a proficient tool needed to assess depression in older adults. The National Aging Services will be contacted by the writer to obtain knowledge and support through the creation and implementation of the project. Finally to achieve the objectives it is imperative to create a multidisciplinary teamwork in the county to obtain an adequate social interaction, regulations, and legislation that permits the reduction of the asperity of this public health problem in Miami Dade County. To conclude this article demonstrated the traits of aggregate and community. This paper also characterized the Christoffel’s stages and how each stage can be applied to elders with depression. Thus, an action plan was established to improve the quality of care in this vulnerable population in Miami Dade County was described. References American Psychological Association. (2011). www.apa.org. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/depression.aspx Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved from http://www.CDS.gov/aging/mentalhealth/depression Hospital Compare. (2010). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved from http://www.CDS.gov/hospitalcompare.hhs.gov Messing, A. (2009). Panxenos: An outsider’s sociology of self. Human Architecture, 7(3), 155- 172. Miller, B. F. & Keane, C. B. (2009). Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing and Allied Health (7th ed.). Saunders & Elsevier, Inc. Naegle, M. A. (2011, November). Detecting and screening for depression in older adults. American Nurse Today, 6(11), 18-22. National Center for Health Statistics. (2009). Nursing Home residents 65 years of age and over by age, sex, and race: Health United States 2009, tab 105. Nies, M. A. & Mc Even, M. (2011). Community/Public health nursing: Promoting the health of populations (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier/Saunders. Stanhope, M. & Lancaster, J. (2010). Foundations of nursing in the community: Community- oriented practice. (3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier. U.S. Census Bureau’s. (2010. Hospitals: A randomized trial. JAMA, 304(17), 1912-1918. Retrieve from http://www.http//2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn147thml

20 Quotes on Writing From Famous Authors

20 Quotes on Writing From Famous Authors What is writing? Ask 20 writers and youll get 20 different answers. But on one point, most seem to agree: writing is hard work. Richard Peck ï » ¿Writing is communication, not self-expression. Nobody in this world wants to read your diary except your mother. Toni Cade Bambara Writing has been for a long time my major tool for self-instruction and self-development. William Stafford I dont see writing as communication of something already discovered, as truths already known. Rather, I see writing as a job of experiment. Its like any discovery job; you dont know whats going to happen until you try it. Sherley Anne Williams I think writing is really a process of communication... Its the sense of being in contact with people who are part of a particular audience that really makes a difference to me in writing. Ursula K. LeGuin Writing makes no noise, except groans, and it can be done everywhere, and it is done alone. Robert Heinlein Writing is not necessarily something to be ashamed of, but do it in private and wash your hands afterwards. Franz Kafka Writing is utter solitude, the descent into the cold abyss of oneself. Carlos Fuentes Writing is a struggle against silence. David Sedaris Writing gives you the illusion of control, and then you realize its just an illusion, that people are going to bring their own stuff into it. Henry Miller Writing is its own reward. Molià ¨re Writing is like prostitution. First you do it for love, and then for a few close friends, and then for money.† J. P. Donleavy Writing is turning ones worst moments into money. Doris Lessing Ive always disliked words like inspiration. Writing is probably like a scientist thinking about some scientific problem or an engineer about an engineering problem. Sinclair Lewis Writing is just work- theres no secret. If you dictate or use a pen or type or write with your toes- its still just work. Suze Orman Writing is hard work, not magic. It begins with deciding why you are writing and whom you are writing for. What is your intent? What do you want the reader to get out of it? What do you want to get out of it. Its also about making a serious time commitment and getting the project done. Gabriel Garcia Marquez Writing is [like] making a table. With both you are working with reality, a material just as hard as wood. Both are full of tricks and techniques. Basically very little magic and a lot of hard work are involved... What is a privilege, however, is to do a job to your satisfaction. Harlan Ellison People on the outside think theres something magical about writing, that you go up in the attic at midnight and cast the bones and come down in the morning with a story, but it isnt like that. You sit in back of the typewriter and you work, and thats all there is to it. Catherine Drinker Bowen Writing, I think, is not apart from living. Writing is a kind of double living. The writer experiences everything twice. Once in reality and once in that mirror which waits always before or behind. E.L. Doctorow Writing is a socially acceptable form of schizophrenia. Jules Renard Writing is the only way to talk without being interrupted.

Free Essays on Hamlet Ethos And Rhetoric Analysis

Hamlet: Ethos and Rhetoric Analysis Ben Martin In the excerpt from Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, during Hamlet’s intense conversation with his mother over his father’s murder, there is much that can be learned by examining his ethos or character and analyzing his rhetorical patterns. Hamlet is a character that does not always show what he is feeling to others, but in this explosive conversation with his mother he attempts to shame her over his father’s death and you can learn a great amount about him by examining his ethos in this speech. At the beginning of Hamlets speech it is obvious that he is disgusted at what his mother has done that he just wants justice, which can be seen in a quote from his speech: You cannot call it love: for at your age The hey-day in the blood is tame, it’s humble When Hamlet says this he is taking an extremely demanding tone with his mother as if he were just trying to make her realize the serious immorality in her actions. But the fact that Hamlet is choosing to ridicule his mother’s love life just shows how passionate he feels, as if to say that he did not want to loose another parent, but this time to poor judgment. At this point in the play Hamlet feels like he is crazy because no one else seems to think his father’s death was a big deal, including his mother. It seems all Hamlet wants is for his mother to realize what happened was wrong and that is why he is displaying his ethos so passionately. During this intense conversation between Hamlet and his mother, Hamlet uses many complex analogies to portray the seriousness in his argument. It is very clear by glancing at the speech how content Hamlet is on proving his point to his mother through the use of analogies, which is revealed in the following excerpt: This was your husband. Look you now, what follows: Here is your husband; like a mildew’d ear, Blasting his wholesome brother. Have you eyes? Could you on ... Free Essays on Hamlet Ethos And Rhetoric Analysis Free Essays on Hamlet Ethos And Rhetoric Analysis Hamlet: Ethos and Rhetoric Analysis Ben Martin In the excerpt from Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, during Hamlet’s intense conversation with his mother over his father’s murder, there is much that can be learned by examining his ethos or character and analyzing his rhetorical patterns. Hamlet is a character that does not always show what he is feeling to others, but in this explosive conversation with his mother he attempts to shame her over his father’s death and you can learn a great amount about him by examining his ethos in this speech. At the beginning of Hamlets speech it is obvious that he is disgusted at what his mother has done that he just wants justice, which can be seen in a quote from his speech: You cannot call it love: for at your age The hey-day in the blood is tame, it’s humble When Hamlet says this he is taking an extremely demanding tone with his mother as if he were just trying to make her realize the serious immorality in her actions. But the fact that Hamlet is choosing to ridicule his mother’s love life just shows how passionate he feels, as if to say that he did not want to loose another parent, but this time to poor judgment. At this point in the play Hamlet feels like he is crazy because no one else seems to think his father’s death was a big deal, including his mother. It seems all Hamlet wants is for his mother to realize what happened was wrong and that is why he is displaying his ethos so passionately. During this intense conversation between Hamlet and his mother, Hamlet uses many complex analogies to portray the seriousness in his argument. It is very clear by glancing at the speech how content Hamlet is on proving his point to his mother through the use of analogies, which is revealed in the following excerpt: This was your husband. Look you now, what follows: Here is your husband; like a mildew’d ear, Blasting his wholesome brother. Have you eyes? Could you on ...

Bridging Social Sciences Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bridging Social Sciences - Assignment Example Some crimes may be committed in the name of honor, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices that have proved harmful to the lives of the women like forced marriages. Some violence against women may be penetrated by the state or state officials for example sexual slavery, forced displacement at workplaces and trafficking of the women for the purposes of sexual and economic exploitations that may result into violation of human rights of women Violence against women is a vice that is collectively an act that is committed exclusively against women. Some times this type of violence targets a specific group of people with gender victims as main motive (Owoh, K., 1998). Violence against women has been a manifestation of unequal power relation between women and men making it to become a crucial social mechanism through which women are forced in the subordinate positions when compared to men. The calculated data resulting from the motivated violence against women by their intimate partners are estimated to have greater impact both on the direct and indirect individual and public costs. These costs are related to suffering health issues, employment cost among very many other issues. The main cause of domestic violence against women has been struggle for power. The consequence of this vice of the domestic violence against women may be both psychological and physical and may be so devastating that to some people it might be seen as some form of torture. Because of the pervasiveness and the prevalence of this vice in almost all parts of the world, domestic violence has become too common that it affects not only women and their children but also affects the entire community As a result of the pervasiveness of the vice of domestic violence against women in almost all parts of the world, the society must consider and react to this vice with a comprehensive

Applied Analysis of the Carbon Price Mechanism in Australia Essay - 1

Applied Analysis of the Carbon Price Mechanism in Australia - Essay Example 2. Increase in cost of traditional energy sources on the energy consumption pattern of Australian household. 3. Impact of increased cash payment on household budget, energy consumption and economic wellbeing. The following section deals with the analysis of the policy implications. Brief review on carbon price mechanism Australia being the hottest and the driest continent on earth has been exposed to drastic changes in the climatic conditions more than any other OECD countries. The excessive temperature variations had affected the country’s agriculture which in turn had effected the food production in the country. Although a meagre amount of green house gases are emitted by the country in contrast to the worldwide share but the intensity of emission is high in terms of per capita GDP. This is largely due to the heavy dependence on the electricity sector which accounts for one third of the country’s emission. In order to rectify the problem of climate change, government ratified Kyoto Protocol in the year 2007.It is expected that the total emission of green house gases will be reduced below 60% by 2020 1 In order to meet this target, government has planned to go for carbon price mechanism. The objective of such a mechanism is to make the dirty energy expensive and the cleaner energy attractive. The big polluters are required to pay on the basis of every tonne of pollutant emitted by them. The mechanism is subject to commencement from July 2012.There will be a fixed price for carbon in the first three years such as $23(1st year), $24.15 (2nd year) and $25.40(3rd year).The fixed price has been devised in order to avoid price shocks. The floor price in the first three years will be AUD15 and the ceiling price has been set at AUD20 which will be above market price. This will be done to ensure greater predictability of price .The presence of floor price also ensures the investors that the price will not fall beyond a certain level. The scheme is expecte d to cover over 60% of Australia’s green house gas emission. However forestry and agriculture are excluded from the scheme. Free permits will be allocated to emission prone industries that are involved in international trade2 Flexible price mechanism will be introduced from 2015, during which carbon price will be evaluated through Emission Trading Scheme. Revenue generated via selling the carbon permits will be utilised in investing to cleaner energy activities. It is also decided that various mechanisms will be used to provide assistance to a number of sectors3. Technically the carbon price mechanism is not a tax. In a paper presented by Antonio Cornwell and John Creedy, it has been cited that a tax on carbon emission will eventually affect fossil fuel prices and hence the consumer prices. Such a price change will then lead to alterations in the levels of final demand, use of fossil fuel and overall carbon dioxide emission4. An important element of this mechanism is to estab lish a system that would govern the dynamics of carbon price within the nation as well as achieve the goal of long term reduction in emission of green house gases. The major thing that concerns the most is the impact of such price mechanism on the households. It has therefore been proposed that the households will be taken care of by revising the family payments, welfare and income tax scenario. Individuals with a family income of AUD65000, will be given a tax

Cloud Network Management Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cloud Network Management - Literature review Example This will therefore depend on the understanding of the current freeform gameplays. 1.1.1 Project Key Words The key areas that this project scope will cover are the freeform gameplays, cloud networks, and intertwining these two elements to come up with an idea that is unique. 1.1.2 Freeform Gameplay Freeform gameplays are role playing games which use informal rule sets, emphasize costume and theatricality, and typically involve numerous players within a common setting. (Hughes, J., 1991). They typically involve about a hundred users who come together to play the game. They include Table Top role-playing game, Theatre-style live action role-playing game (LARP). They are made when a group of people meets within a central area. Examples of virtual freeform games include; GTA, Master-Ninja, and Call of Duty. 1.1.3 Project Goal Must people meet within a central place in order to have a role-playing game? The goal of this project is to eliminate this physical factor. So how do we still get these people to enjoy their hobbies? This is achievable via cloud networks. So we will demonstrate the position of cloud networks play within the Information technology sector. (Darklorden C., 2008). We will focus on its unique application within the freeform gameplays among other settings. We will examine strategies that adequately manage them in order to achieve efficient operation within the various services requiring cloud network. 1.1.4 Project Context The project will focus on the context of cloud networks within the freeform gameplays. How to apply them. Its setbacks and benefits 1.1.5 Project Objectives The objectives will be To focus on the role of cloud networks To determine their mode of operation To demonstrate its benefits in relation to the freeform 1.1.6 Techniques for Realization We will use research methodologies to meet the goals. A breakdown of this strategy will be, determination of market potential, conceptualization of implementation plan, and to ensure its ope ration. 1.1.7 Report Structure This report will mention the cloud networks, build its unique relationship with freeforms gameplays. Its principles of operations. The benefits we get on utilization of cloud networks, and how to handle them. Section 2: The Contextual Review 2.1 Market Research This segment focuses on the market possibilities of this project idea. Its prospected market will typically be within Australia, North America and Europe where real play freeform games have roots. (Morton B., 2007). They have a habit of live freeform plays that go way back to the 1970s. Basing on their passion, we will exploit this market when we conceptualize freeform gameplays within cloud network 2.1.1 Categorization of Gameplay Elements The elements will fall in the following categories; the actual characters, the scene setting, the rules of the game, and gaming incentives. 2.1.2 Game Comparisons The game comparisons will focus on different settings and scenes that are entertaining. The adve nture games have an intense hankering as they create suspense. Examples include GTA. We like the action games because of

Becoming A Teacher Essay Example for Free

Becoming A Teacher Essay Watching these videos, I learned that teachers don’t always have it easy and it’s not always what it looks like, I know that it take a long time for the students to get comfortable with a new teacher and the teacher has to adjust to the new setting of the classroom. It takes a great deal of time so teachers can get their classroom to the way they want it. In the first video â€Å"classroom Management Strategy to Settle Noisy, Rowdy Students at the Door† I learned that the teacher should not yell or shout at the students to get their attention because the student will not respect the teacher or have respect for the class and the other teachers around will see that the teacher does not have control over the classroom and that would make the teacher look bad. But on the other hand when the students are outside of the classroom that’s where the teacher should start to take control or when the classroom management starts and show that they are the authoritive leader in charge. Teacher has to settle the students down gradually, use non-confrontational statements, such as thanking students for doing the right thing, hoping that the others will follow along, use informal chit chat, or getting comfortable with talking to the students, getting down to the students level. In the second video â€Å"How to Get Students Sat Down and Ready to Work†, teachers need to give students a clear instruction on what needs to be done so there is no room for misunderstanding. Second, let the first group from, to the front of the line and reinforcing actions that needs to be taking. Third, teachers need to repeat the clear instruction that was given. And the final step is to give attention and additional support to what direction was given. In the third video, â€Å"Take control of a noisy class†, teachers need skills to deal will students, making sure that the teachers has the students attention and keeping it. Establishing a calm atmosphere, and staying positive. In the final video which is â€Å"Five Classroom Management Strategies to Get Student Attention†, there was five ways of getting the students attention that was stated. Those five strategies if attention getting included a noise maker, routine, visual reminder, the unexpected, and a countdown. Using a noise maker is loud and it gets their attention without having to shout. A routine is very affective and training the students to learn. A visual reminder is a rather simple attention getting, using traffic light colors (green, yellow, and red). The unexpected is a guaranteed attention getter such as using music or pictures and gives students the perfect way to get attention. The last one is countdown which is the most common attention getter.

UK Books and Publishing Industry Analysis

UK Books and Publishing Industry Analysis Table of Contents 1. Introduction5 1.1 Objective5 1.2 Reasons for Choosing the UK Books and Publishing Industry6 2. Industry Overview9 2.1 Market Size and Attraction10 2.2 Market Sectors10 2.2.2 Paperback11 2.2.3 Electronic11 2.2.4 Fiction11 2.2.5 Non-fiction11 2.3 Industry Target Markets12 2.4 Market Sales, Performance and Activities14 2.4.1 Domestic Market14 2.4.2 Export Sales15 2.4.3 Imports16 2.5 Publishing Companies17 2.6 Employment19 2.7 Distribution20 2.8 Major Trends and Developments21 2.8.1 Emerging Book Formats21 2.8.2 Emerging Distribution Channels and Markets22 2.8.3 Developments in Technology and Concerns in Copyright and Production23 3. Industry Analysis – PESTEL24 3.1 Using the PESTEL Analysis24 3.2 Political Factors24 3.2.1 Taxation24 3.2.2 Pricing24 3.3 Economic Factors25 3.3.1 Global Economic Factors25 3.3.2 UK Economic Trends25 3.4 Social Factors26 3.4.1 Consumer Preferences26 3.4.2 The Internet and Technology26 3.4.3 Reading Habits27 3.5 Technological Factors27 3.5.1 The Digital Age27 3.6 Legislative27 3.6.1 Copyright and Intellectual Property27 3.6.2 Market Regulations for New Entries28 3.7 Environmental 28 3.7.1 The Issue of Paper28 3.7.2 Other conservation measures29 4. Industry Analysis – Porter’s Five Forces Model29 4.1 About Porter’s Five Forces Model29 4.2 Rivalry29 4.3 Supplier Power29 4.4 Buyer Power30 4.5 Threats of Substitutes30 4.6 Barriers to Entry30 5. Conclusion31 References34 List of Tables Time Spent of Main Activities, by Sex, 20058 Total Book Sales 1998-200210 Projected Book Sales: 2002-200710 Unit Book Sales by Format: 1998-200211 Projected Book Sales by Format: 2002/200712 Value Book Sales by Target Market: 1998-200213 Projected Book Sales by Target Market: 2002/200713 Publishers’ Export Sales: 1998-200116 Book Imports: 1998-200117 Leading Publishers Ranked by Total Retail Sales 2001/200218 Total Employment in the Publishing Industry 1998-200220 Retail Distribution21 The UK Books and Publishing Industry Analysis 1. Introduction According to the Encyclopaedia of Global Industries (‘Book Publishing’, 2007), global spending on books increased from US$85.3 billion in 2000 to US$104.6 billion in 2005. This is despite the fact that the global demand for books had significantly dropped for a number of reasons. One of the major reasons cited for this drop was the September 11 terrorist attacks in the United States. In contrast, the United Kingdom (UK) is currently one of the world’s leading players in the world of publishing. However, it remains behind to major global producers the United States, Japan and Germany. UK is followed by another European major publisher, France In 2002, the UK book and publishing industry reached the value of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤2.5 billion (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003) and continues to be the major location of European publishing’s central operations and the U.S. publishing’s gateway across the Atlantic. 1.1 Objectives The UK books and publishing industry is one of the UK’s distinct industries. As stated above, UK ranks among the world’s major book and publication producers. Readers across the globe are familiar with the UK’s contribution to the publishing world . UK writers have long been one of the more famous sets of writers in the classic and modern histories. Ranging from William Shakespeare to J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter franchise, the UK books and publishing industry continues to play a significant role, especially among the English-language readers across the globe. However, the new media forms that have been emerging lately such as electronic and online forms of publishing currently challenge the publication preferences of the consumers today and UK print media too has got impacted. The present study is an attempt to analyse the UK books and publishing industry. The objectives of this industry analysis are as follows: Provide an overview of the UK books and publishing industry, its current status and projected directions. Analyse the factors that influence the current and future operations of the industry by using the tool of PESTEL analyses. Assess the books and publishing industry and its impact and performance in the market by using market analysis tools of Porter’s Five Forces. Determine the critical factors that can determine the future of the UK books and publishing industry. 1.2 Reasons for Choosing the UK Books and Publishing Industry The UK remains to have a healthy and dynamic book and publishing market; not only does the UK contain one of the significant market shares in the global book market, it boasts of a number of in-demand authors. Books and publishing in the UK highlights the society’s inherent love for books . What is interesting in the UK book and publishing industry can be seen in the following factors: (1) UK has had a significant role in the publishing world especially among English-language readers across the globe; however, in terms of industry size, UK remains behind book producing giants the United States, Japan and Germany. These three countries have a competitive production advantage: the United States has strong media and entertainment industry which has also influenced its publishing sector; Japan is known for its graphic novel and books publication, as driven by the strong manga culture and demand; Germany’s media corporate giant, Bertelsmann, has managed to own and merge with large publishers, which makes this German company a significant player in the global industry (‘Book Publishing’, 2007). (2) New forms of media, electronic publishing and the Internet, have emerged which have challenged the conventional publishing forms. Electronic publishing and the Internet has become a challenge in a number of areas including the redefinition of publication format (electronic or published through the Internet) and publication access (self-publishing has become popular online). This also influences the amount of interest the public continues to have in books especially when more recreational forms have evolved which may be preferred over picking up a magazine or a book. Besides, recent times have also witnessed a rise of online / virtual schools and other forms of virtual reality which has now given way to emergence of digital versions of these books or e-books. (3) Emerging markets brought by globalisation also affect the expansion of UK publishers to other parts of the world. This is in addition to the increasing demand for English-language learning courses in non-English speaking nations can encourage the publication of books. Regional authors too can increase the interest of the global readers, and it is interesting to see how the UK publishing industry has responded to these new opportunities. In addition to this, it is interesting to evaluate the performance of this huge industry that reaches different global markets and at the same time, is serving a more particular sector of the people’s reading habits. Based on a survey on leisure activities in 2005 by the National Statistics Office’s, reading has been cited as constituting a negligible part of how people spend their time every day. Reading, on an average, only accounts for 23 minutes among men and 26 minutes among women. The following table illustrates how this industry has been catering to a fraction of people’s average daily activities: Time Spent of Main Activities, by Sex, 2005 (‘Time Use Survey’, 2006) As can be seen in the table, reading has taken a backseat as compared to the time people spend watching television or having a â€Å"social life†. A similar survey conducted in 2001 among full-time workers on how they spend their free time, reading emerged as the third highest activity whereas games/hobbies/computing came in close behind (‘Lifestyles’, 2004). Evidently, in the previously cited more recent survey, games/hobbies/computing activities have overtaken reading. However, this peculiar development holds true among males who spend an average of 37 minutes in playing games, indulging in hobbies or working on computers whereas women tend to be ardent readers, thereby spending more time reading than other hobbies. It should also be noted that reading does not only limit itself to the products of the book and publishing industry as the Internet has also become a significant source for information. 2. Industry Overview 2.1 Market Size and Attraction According to the Confederation of British Industry, the book sector has been one of the significant drivers in the overall UK retail sales growth, along with furniture and groceries (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003). This shows that books are among the main purchases that people make in a combined demand in the leisure and educational sectors. The UK books and publishing industry reached the à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤2.5 billion mark in 2002, making this industry having a positive overall outlook. Volume and value gains were seen rising from 2001 to 2002 at 12.1% and 16.8% respectively. The 12.1% volume increase reflected the 323.8 million units sold by 2002, which contributed to the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.9%. Positive developments were also experienced, which started from the late 1990s up to the beginning of the millennium, with strong value gains eventually contributing to the 4% CAGR since the surge in sales in 1999 (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003). Total Book Sales 1998-2002 ( Euromonitor International: Country Market Insight) Projected Book Sales: 2002-2007 ( Euromonitor International: Country Market Insight) According to the Publishing Industry Market Review 2006, the total publishing market was worth 18.63bn in 2005, having increased by 7.6% across the review period (2001 to 2005). The Publishing Industry is defined by Newspapers, Magazines as well as Book publishing. Newspaper publishing accounts for the largest share of the markets total value, followed by magazine publishing and book publishing. Within the books and publishing industry in 2004, retail book sales were  £3.98bn which represents a 3.2% increase on 2003.( UK Publishing Industry 2005,) Since 1999, the market has grown by a total of 16% and around 67% of the markets value is consumer books. The UK Publishing Industry 2004 report indicates that the UK publishing market is expected to grow by 12.9% between 2004 and 2008. Magazine revenues are likely to rise by 17.3%, newspaper revenues by 15.2% and book publishing by 14.7%. (UK Publishing Industry 2004,). 2.2 Market Sectors The commercial publishing industry extends far beyond books and journals. Products are available in electronic as well as print form. The overall book and publishing industry (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003) can be classified on the basis of format and category Format: 2.2.1 Hardbacks Hardback formats are hardbound books. This format can be commonly found among books for children, new releases, and non-fiction books. 2.2.2 Paperback Paperback or softback is the most common format . This dominantly makes up the books targeted for commercial and educational purposes. 2.2.3 Electronic The electronic formats are the non-paper based products available on CD-ROM, or as audio books, e-books etc. Category: 2.2.4 Fiction The fiction category includes children’s books, novels across genres (crime, Western, thriller), historical, romance, etc. 2.2.5 Non-fiction The non-fiction category includes educational, academic and professional books, reference books, travel guides, DIY, etc. The performances of these different sectors (by format) are illustrated in the following table (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003): Unit Book Sales by Format: 1998-2002 (Euromonitor International: Country Market Insight) Projected Book Sales by Format: 2002/2007 (Euromonitor International: Country Market Insight) Based on the performance of the two main categories, fiction and non-fiction, the latter continues to dominate the book sales and continues to grow (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003): 2.3 Industry Target Markets Books can also be classified on the basis of the target market: consumer and institutional (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003). The consumer market is the mainstream book market which includes regular readers and individual buyers. The institutional market for books is defined by institutions or organisations that buy books for specific purposes such as libraries. It also includes the books bought by the education sector. There is a potential confusion as to the identification of the consumer and the institutional market as the consumer market also includes publications for academic and professional purposes. However, institutional books are mostly identified by means of prevailing theme and the market segment, such as in the case of libraries and field-specific institutions (i.e. law books collection) whereas the consumer market’s main source of distribution channel are bookshops, online stores, etc. In terms of performance, the consumer market has a significant market share over the institutional market. The total sales brought by he consumer market in 2002 was at à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤2.0 billion, thereby having 80.3% of the overall book market share. Average growth was cited at 17.4%, with the surge of sales throughout the year usually picking up during the last quarter (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003). The institutional market has been also experiencing positive growth at 14.3%, with its sales reaching à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤490.6 million and comprising 19.7% of the overall market sales. Educational sales continue to dominate the institutional sales at 63.4% whereas contributions from the library sector continue to fluctuate. As can be observed from the table given below, there was a significant drop in library sales from à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤114 million to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤101 million from 1998 to 1999, with this particular sector experiencing fluctuations until 2002 (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003). Value Book Sales by Target Market: 1998-2002 (Euromonitor International: Country Market Insight) Projected Book Sales by Target Market: 2002/2007 (Euromonitor International: Country Market Insight) 2.4 Market Sales, Performance and Activities The UK books and publishing industry relies on various market forces in order to maintain its dynamism; this can be attributed to its performance mainly on domestic sales, and then through the export and import volume and sales. 2.4.1 Domestic Market As previously mentioned, the consumer market mainly comprise of the industry’s domestic sales. Strong performance has been seen across sectors and categories, with positive developments in fiction as well as non-fiction books. Sales in fiction category experienced an average increase of 56% from 1998 to 2001, although non-fiction remains to have the significant market share (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003). A number of market strategies have emerged in order to have the publishers improve their performance. It has been noted that UK has even adopted an American market strategy framework which includes book tours and taking advantage of the different media channels to increase exposure and promotion such as online book ordering promotions and book superstores (‘Book Publishing’, 2007). It can be observed that this has been apparent in the franchising sector in which UK fictional giant, the Harry Potter franchise, have further ventured into film and consumer products. In a way, books have established a force to create a peripheral market sector which relates the books to other relevant industries. However, the opposite takes place when classic British books such as J.R.R. Tolkiens’ The Lord of the Rings and C.S. Lewis’ The Chronicles of Narnia were made into movies, and because of the success of this channel, book sales for these works have also experienced a significant increase as this has become a promotional means in order to sell more books. Such strategy is not only felt in the UK domestic sector but also in other global sales as well. 2.4.2 Export Sales UK books are exported throughout the world and a cited increase of 4.4% was seen from 1998 to 2002. As per a Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) report, the export market is worth approximately  £1.4bn a year. However, UK’s main export competition comes from the United States, which also produces English-language books. Some exporting strategy can be also seen through the industry (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003, p. 19): Although the worldwide Harry Potter phenomenon had a strong impact on exports, particularly over the 1999/2000 period, non-consumer publishing book sales were also a mainstay of export performance. English is the world language for titles in the scientific/technical/medical category and as such, the UK dominates the field internationally in terms of sales. For publishers of these kinds of texts exports can account for up to 60.0% of sales, particularly to the US, and it can be of great advantage for a publisher to have an American arm or to be part of an American-controlled group in terms of securing US rights of publication. In this case, despite the stiff competition with the US titles, UK books have also been performing fairly well in the United States; the UK mainly exports to the United States. In fact, UK has been the largest exporter of books to the United States books market. The performance of the UK publishers’ export sales are as follows (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003): Publishers’ Export Sales: 1998-2001 (Euromonitor International: Country Market Insight) 2.4.3 Imports The UK also imports books from overseas markets such as the United States. Interestingly, Asian markets have been contributing significantly to UK book imports. The second largest imports, after the United States, come from Hong Kong, and the fourth largest market is Singapore; China too is also among the top sources, gaining the eighth import source position in 2001 (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003). Interestingly, UK imports increases industry competition, with its value rising at 16.6% within the period 1998-2001. The following table shows the import value during this time period (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003): Book Imports: 1998-2001 (Euromonitor International: Country Market Insight) 2.5 Publishing Companies Each of the three sectors of publishing in UK-newspapers, magazines and books- is dominated by around a dozen companies. Only a few companies are active in more than one sector. In fact, only Pearson PLC is involved in all three markets in a significant way. News Corporation, which publishes newspapers and which owns the book publisher Harper Collins too has entered the magazine market early in 2006. The UK publishing industry is still primarily UK owned. However, in the magazine market, there are several foreign-owned companies. These include the following: The Conde Nast Publications Ltd Hachette Filipacchi (UK) Ltd IPC Media Ltd The National Magazine Company Ltd The Readers Digest Association Ltd and VNU Business Publications Ltd. As indicated in Books and Publishing – United Kingdom 2003 The UK is not the home base of any major media player, such as Bertelsmann, Vivendi or AOL Time Warner. The regulations on media ownership make it easier for new entrants from abroad to establish a presence in the UK than for UK companies to substantially enlarge market share. Most of the major players in the book industry are owned by international multimedia publishing concerns, and therefore the most helpful form of comparison is to analyse leading publishing houses, and the results of the consolidated groups which own them. (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003, p. 23) Thus, the books and publishing industry in the UK is characterised by a handful of global conglomerates or international companies, such as Reed Elsevier Group PLC, Pearson PLC, The Random House Group Ltd and Harper Collins Publishers Ltd. The leading publisher in the UK, HarperCollins, is a merger of British publisher William Collins Sons and Co Ltd. and the American publisher Harper Row. Today, HarperCollins is owned by the American media conglomerate, News Corp., although HarperCollins UK is the UK’s leading publishing house (Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003; ‘Harper Collins’, 2007). In the recent years, many other companies have been acquired and merged. For instance, in 2004 a major development was the acquisition of Hodder Headline from WH Smith by the French publisher Hachette Filipacchi in 2004. This merely added to further internationalisation of UK publishing. Hachette already owned Orion which further owned Weidenfeld Nicholson. This has lead it to become the UKs second-largest consumer book publisher. Macmillan and Random House are both owned by German companies. These main drivers of these developments have been the business strategies applied by these corporations. These strategies can be observed to be influenced by forces such as globalisation and certain deregulations when it comes to foreign operations. Besides these, other major publishers are Blackwell and the university presses of Oxford and Cambridge. The following table shows the leading publishers in the UK according to sales (Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003): Leading Publishers Ranked by Total Retail Sales 2001/2002 (Euromonitor International: Country Market Insight) 2.6 Employment By 2002, the books and publishing workforce, which also include employees in the printing sectors, were recorded at 352,000; according to the National Statistics, this figure was at 366,000 in 2001 (Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003; ‘Harper Collins’, 2007). In 2004, approximately 280,000 people were employed nationally and about 15% work part time. It has been cited that the books and publishing industry has not offered a very promising development to its workforce in terms of pay and employment confidence (Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003, p. 22): †¦ In a recent survey by Bookcareers.com, 66% of employees in the industry said that they had lost colleagues to redundancy. There is widespread discontent in the industry, particularly over the issue of pay. Levels of pay, especially for starting salaries, are notoriously low, particularly bearing in mind the level of education required for publishing work, and starting salaries can be as little as  £15,000 a year. Pay is a factor in most employees’ lives, particularly because most of UK publishing centres around London and the South East, where house prices are simply unaffordable for people earning average salaries in the industry. In addition to this, professional development does not sound as promising in this industry due to the lack of training initiatives and specific professional skills. Professionals in this industry are mostly managerial in nature. Hence, in terms of skills development, the demand has not been as impressive in this sector. It is therefore not as surprising that the number of employees in the industry has been discouraging in terms of rate, and employment has been also bleak due to redundancies. Total Employment in the Publishing Industry 1998-2002 (Euromonitor International: Country Market Insight) 2.7 Distribution In the past consumers were buying books through a variety of distribution channels such as large chain bookstores book clubs and independent and small chain bookstores, mass merchandisers, mail order, food and drug stores, discount stores, used books etc. The traditional bookshops have been losing their influence and as a result such booksellers have been also starting to fold up. The Internet is becoming one of the most active distribution channels for books and publications. Although the Internet does not have as much distribution share at this point, it continues to contribute significantly in this area as it also continues to increase as a highly-used distribution channel. Book retailers continue to dominate the product distribution; these retailers include chained retailers and independent bookshops. As compared to independent bookshops, in recent times, , bookshop chains are starting to increase its market grasp and influence (Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003). Another distribution source is through book clubs. The UK’s leading book club, BCA, combines to book club concept and its mail-to-order scheme, in addition to smaller subdivision of smaller book clubs. The book retail distribution trends have been presented in the following table: (Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003): Retail Distribution (Euromonitor International: Country Market Insight) It can be observed that there has been significant increase in sale through Internet and multiple (chained) booksellers whereas there has been a decrease in distribution through independent booksellers and book clubs/mail-to-order. 2.8 Major Trends and Developments The dynamism of the books and publishing industry in the UK can be determined by the key trends and developments that can eventually affect how the industry operates and performs. 2.8.1 Emerging Book Formats As previously mentioned, new formats such as e-books, CD-ROMs and audio books have now entered the market. Among the three, e-books have been creating a stir due to a number of reasons: it is in digital format that can be easily downloaded. What also works well with the emergence of e-books is the emergence of technologies.. For example, PDAs have now developed into small, handheld computers that can carry a substantial amount of data; e-books, which are usually in the PDF can be easily downloaded in PDAs and accessed through PDF reader (Microsoft Reader and Adobe Acrobat). Hence, people do not have to carry large books around as they can easily access them through their devices. As per the statistics from an online download source for public domain books, manybooks.net, PDF downloads have reached almost 140,000, not including the other electronic book formats such as eReader and RTF, and downloadable text in HTML format (Nagle, 2007). In any case, the number of downloads can reach hundreds of thousands, and this only includes books from one website and works within the public domain. Another popular source of free e-books is Project Gutenberg (Project Gutenberg, http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Main_Page) which claims to have over 2 million downloads every month. 2.8.2 Emerging Distribution Channels and Markets As discussed in the distribution channel section, the Internet is becoming to impress its influence among UK consumers; book sales online experienced an 11% growth in 2001 and continues to be significant till date. Although some online start-ups wanted to take advantage of the UK market, most of them were adversely affected by the dotcom bubble in the 1990s. Expectedly, Amazon.co.uk is the top online seller of books in the UK (Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003). 2.8.3 Developments in Technology and Concerns in Copyright and Production Technological developments have largely affected the books and publishing industry. As previously mentioned, technolo

Computers in the Classroom :: Technology Technological Essays Education

Computers in the Classroom Computers are being used in classrooms all over the country. Children have access to a computer while at home or at school. However, is the technology being channeled through computers being depended upon too much? Are they going to take over the role of the teacher as an educator? Many educators are asking these questions regarding the education of their students. Computers affect the students and teachers in both positive and negative ways. In this paper I am going to discuss the benefits and downfalls of computers in the classroom. In just five years, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of computers being used. Computers are virtually in every home, school and library. People can access facts and ideas that they were never able to before and can also do many things that were out of reach and unimaginable. In 1995, according to the Census Bureau of the United States, fifty percent of schools had access to the internet but by 2000, the numbers rose to ninety-eight percent. In 1995, only eight percent of classrooms had access to the internet and by 2000, seventy seven percent of classrooms had access to the internet. Teachers have taken advantage of the accessibility and have begun to include the computers and the internet into their lessons everyday. In 1999, of all public elementary schools, fifty six percent of teachers were using the internet to have their students to get more practice in certain areas and producing reports and projects. However, is using the computer beneficial to the teacher and the students? With the internet being so available, students are given the opportunity to be linked with the outside world that they may never have otherwise experienced. Interactive games and simulations can now be found that give students a valuable visual representation of a place, how something works, or an experiment. Also, students can now take what the teachers have taught them in class and practice their skills and stuffy their facts on the computer. With this convenience, students are now performing better on standardized tests than ever before because they are able to practice the subjects in a fun way. [1] Student’s research will also change because instead of using books for references, students will use the internet that does not always contain as many reliable sources. A student with access to the internet is often times more eager to learn and does further research on a topic that interests them because it is within reach in seconds.

African American Athletes Essay

American student athletes have always faced stereotypes in and out of the classroom, being seen as self-segregating or â€Å"dumb jocks† that really wouldn’t be at school if it weren’t for their athletic ability. Although these stereotypes are applied to both white and black athletes, African American students, especially men, feel it more than their white counterparts. African Americans are already, for the most part, seen as intellectually inferior, so when they are seen in an academic environment they are automatically judged. If they didn’t get into school just for being black, they got into school for being a black athlete. Excuses are made as to why African American student athletes and pro athletes dominate in the world of sports in general. From the time the black athlete stepped into the sports arena and began to compete with whites, white people have been looking for an explanation. In his article Sailes looks into the myths and stereotypes surrounding African American athletes, most of which have been created by whites. In loosely replicated the experiment that Sailes conducted with his students and in doing so I found that the stereotypes he discusses do exist and many people strongly believe in some of the myths. I interviewed both male and female athletes and non-athletes alike and surprisingly most of their answers to my questions were the same. I asked them all the same five questions; 1. Do you think African Americans dominate in sports? 2. Which Sports? 3. Are there certain positions they are better at? 4. Why? 5. Is their demeanor on the field or court different than that of a white athlete? and 6. Have you heard any myths about why black athletes are better? Interviewee #1, A white female on the basketball team at Gettysburg College felt that black athletes were better at all sports and in all positions, but particularly in basketball and football. She has learned from experience that black athletes are more loud and aggressive. It was her belief that African Americans are better at sports because of genetics. She also said that it could be because historically they have done hard labor and had menial jobs, so their physical condition has evolved. The one myth she has heard is that African Americans have an extra bone in their leg which makes them capable of jumping higher and running faster. Interviewee # 2, an African American football player stated that blacks are better at all sports, but especially football, in such positions as cornerback, running back, and wide receiver. When asked why he felt that this is true his answer was â€Å"because we’re just nasty like that. † In regards to myths he recalled one of his high school classmates expressing to him that the reason blacks were better was because they still had some monkey left in them. Interviewee # 3, a white college graduate, non-athlete articulated that blacks are better at any sport they try but not in any positions that require brain power or thought. He said that they are not usually good quarterbacks because they aren’t smart enough. When I asked him why, his response was, â€Å"because they are dumb N’s†. He believes that they become athletes because they have no other options to get a job or get rich, unless they can rap. He also stated that the reason they can run so fast is because they are used to running from the cops. Interviewee # 4, A white male who is a former athlete said that he believes that African Americans are superior in all sports except for lacrosse and hockey, and that the reason for this is because they are much more expensive to start up and maintain- as opposed to soccer/football/basketball where all you need is a ball really. He thinks black people on the whole start out life economically feeble compared to whites and believes in the myth that they have been evolved into more muscular and stronger people because of the process of natural selection during slavery where the slave owners bought the biggest and strongest, and they’re offspring are the ones that created the people that are dominating in sports now. My last interviewee was a female African American basketball player who felt that African Americans dominate in football and basketball because it is the only sport they want to play so they strive for it. She also said that blacks are more aggressive because it means more to them. In the majority of my interviews the participants mentioned what Sailes referred to as the Mandingo Theory, in which the physical superiority of African Americans is attributed to the selection and so called breeding process along with the manual labor performed during the days of slavery. The psychological and dumb jock theories were also articulated in the answers I received from the white students for they all said at some point or another during the interview that African Americans are intellectually inferior and all they have going for them is sports, and even in the world of sports there are positions that they are mentally incapable of occupying. The one thing that I believe all the participants agreed on both black and white is that African Americans are somehow genetically different. I was really taken aback by my findings. Even though I have learned throughout this semester that people are more racist than I ever thought they were, I didn’t realize that this racism is existent in literally everything. I’m not really into sports and do not pay attention to them, so I had no idea that people felt this way about African American athletes. So, it seems as though African Americans are battling this war on racism on yet another front.